Indicator 1.4.2 Proportion of total adult population with secure tenure rights to land, (a) with legally recognized documentation, and (b) who perceive their rights to land as secure, by sex and type of tenure

0.a. Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere

0.b. Target 1.4: By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance

0.c. Indicator 1.4.2: Proportion of total adult population (18 years and above) with secure tenure rights to land, (a) with legally recognized documentation, and (b) who perceive their rights to land as secure, by sex and type of tenure.

Baseline data 2009-2014

2024

Goal 5, 5.a.1 (access to agricultural land) and 5.a.2 (legal framework for land governance).

Goal 2, Target 2.3 (2.3.1 and 2.3.2 addressing smallholder farmers; Target 2.4 (2.4.1 on agricultural area), to Goal 11, to target 11.1 (access to affordable housing/upgrading slums) and target 11.3 (sustainable urbanization/settlement planning).

Land tenure also influences land use and is thus key to achieving Goal 14 (b) to provide access to small-scale fishers and marine resources, and to Goal 15 on the sustainable use of land and natural resources. Similarly, land is a significant source of conflict, and thus also matters for Goal 16 for promoting peace and inclusive societies and institutions.

Kenya National Bureau of Statistics

Senior Manager, Research and development

Research and development, Division

Undertake research on specialized statistical areas and new areas of statistics methodology. Undertake data entry, processing, analysis and dissemination, generate development of related indicators

+254-202-911-000

30266-00100, Nairobi- Kenya

dscm@knbs.or.ke

Definition:

This indicator tracks all types of land use (such as residential, commercial, agricultural, forestry, grazing, wetlands based on standard land-use classification) in both rural and urban areas; and (b) all land tenure types as recognized at the country level, such as freehold, leasehold, public land, customary land.

Concepts:

The Voluntary Guidelines for the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Forests and Fisheries in the Context of National Food Security” (shorthand VGGT) defines

Tenure: How people, communities and others gain access to land and natural resources (including fisheries and forests) is defined and regulated by societies through systems of tenure. These tenure systems determine who can use which resources, for how long, and under what conditions. Tenure systems may be based on written policies and laws, as well as on unwritten customs and practices. No tenure right, including private ownership, is absolute. All tenure rights are limited by the rights of others and by the measures taken by states for public purposes (VGGT, 2012).

Tenure typology: A tenure typology is country specific and refers to categories of tenure rights, for example customary, leasehold, public and freehold. Rights can be held collectively, jointly or individually and may cover one or more elements of the bundle of rights (the right of possession, of control, of

exclusion, of enjoyment and of disposition).

Land governance: Rules, processes and structures through which decisions are made regarding access to and the use (and transfer) of land, how those decisions are implemented and the way that conflicting interests in land are managed. States provide legal recognition for tenure rights through policies, law and land administration services, and define the categories of rights that are considered official.

Secure tenure rights: comprised of two sub-components: (i) legally recognized documentation and (ii) perception of the security of tenure, which are both necessary to provide a full measurement of tenure security.

Legally recognized documentation: Legal documentation of rights refers to the recording and publication of information on the nature and location of land, rights and right holders in a form that is recognized by government, and is therefore official. For purposes of computing SDG Indicator 1.4.2, the country specific metadata will define what documentation on land rights will be counted as legally recognized (see next section for rationale).

Perceived security of tenure: Perception of tenure security refers to an individual’s perception of the likelihood of involuntary loss of land, such as disagreement of the ownership rights over land or ability to use it, regardless of the formal status and can be more optimistic or pessimistic. Although those without land rights’ documentation may frequently be perceived to be under threat, and those with documentation perceived as protected, there may be situations where documented land rights alone are insufficient to guarantee tenure security. Conversely, even without legally recognized documentation, individuals may feel themselves to be protected against eviction or dispossession. Therefore, capturing and analysing these diverse ranges of situations will enable a more comprehensive understanding of land tenure security, based on a country specific context.

For purposes of constructing the indicator (see next section for rationale), we define perceptions of tenure to be secure if:

(i) The landholder does not report a fear of involuntary loss of the land within the next five years due to, for example, intra-family, community or external threats and

(ii) The landholder reports having the right to bequeath the land.

Indicator 1.4.2 Per cent (%)

N/A

Data is sourced from the Kenya Demographic and health survey administered to households, 2022 Kenya Continuous Household Survey (KCHS) Micro data, Women Economic Module (WEE)

WEE module was incorporated in 2022 KCHS. Survey and sampling design was done to identify clusters, Kiss Grid method was used to sample women aged >18 years. Survey tools were developed, pretesting and finalization of questionnaires, recruitment and training of field staff, field data collection and capture through personal interviews, data collection was done using CAPI, Data was cleaning and analyzed

KDHS usually done after every 5 years , 2022 KCHS Adhoc survey

KDHS 2027, for KCHS 2022 N/A

2014 KDHS and 2022 KCHS data collected by KNBS

Kenya National Bureau of Statistics

According to the statistics act 2006, KNBS is the principal agency of the Government for collecting, analysing and disseminating statistical data in Kenya and the custodian of official statistical information

Kiss Grid method in selection of eligible women. Data for this indicator is based on asset ownership for 2022 KCHS

Indicator 1.4.2 aims to monitor the gender balance on ownership/secure rights over agricultural land. Sub-indicator (a) and sub-indicator (b) are based on the same data and they monitor ownership/rights from two different angles. While sub-indicator (a) uses the total female agricultural population as reference population, and it tells us how many female own land, sub-indicator (b) focuses on the agricultural population with land ownership/secure rights, and it tells us the no. of women with such rights.

Therefore, it is sufficient to have:

1. The total number of women involved in agriculture with ownership or secure rights over agricultural land , and

The total agricultural women population

KDHS is normally done after every 5 years due to resource constraints. This leads to lack of timely data for policy formulation, for 2022 KCHS, data available for women, no data on men therefore the indicator is only computed for adult women, in future surveys information on land ownership and secure rights ownership should be collected for both Men and Women

This indicator is produced through a methodology discussed widely in the methodology part of the KDHS report referenced in the reference section, The computation of this indicator involved women considered as owners or holders of secure rights to agricultural land all the women in the reference population who:

• Are listed as ‘owners’ or ‘holders’ on a written legal document that testifies security of rights over agricultural land

KDHS report validation starts from survey planning, data collection, data cleaning and in the report writing. Through the use of Computer aided devices, various validation checks are put in place including error identification and correction.

KNBS is responsible to check the syntaxes used in the computation of the indicator as well as the questions, data quality checked and approved using KeSQAF

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The quality of the output is controlled by a series of steps put in place. This includes well designed data capture methods using Computer Aided Personal Interviews, proper training of data collectors, use of internationally accepted models by our knowledgeable data compilers and peer reviewing of reports before publication.

The Bureau together with other stakeholders who include statistical units experts jointly carries out the aforementioned census and surveys guaranteeing a high quality publication

The report must meet the requirements of the Kenya Statistical Quality Assessment Framework, Data Quality Assessment Framework and ISO 9001:2015 standards before dissemination

The microdata and the report is always available on KNBS Website, the data is disaggregated at National, Rural/Urban and County

N/A

Kenya Demographic and Health Survey Report

2022 Kenya Continuous Household Survey micro data

https://www.knbs.or.ke/download/kenya-dhs-2022-main-report-volume-2/